Moscow

"Mother City" and a "big village", a tumultuous community which possesses an underlying collective instinct that shows itself in times of trouble. Its beauty and ugliness are inseparable, its sentimentality the obverse of a brutality rooted in centuries of despotism, while private and cultural life in the city are as passionate as business and politics are cynical. Moscow has been imbued with a sense of its own destiny since the fourteenth century, when the principality of Muscovy took the lead in the struggle against the Mongol-Tatars who had reduced the Kievan state to ruins. Under Ivan the Great and Ivan the Terrible its realm came to encompass everything from the White Sea to the Caspian, while after the fall of Constantinople to the Turks, Moscow assumed Byzantium's suzerainty over the Orthodox world. Despite the changes wrought by Peter the Great - not least the transfer of the capital to St Petersburg - Moscow kept its mystique and bided its time until the Bolsheviks made it the fountainhead of a new creed. Since the fall of Communism, Muscovites have given themselves over largely to the "Wild Capitalism" that intoxicates the city, and major building programmes are changing the face of the city more radically than at any time since the Stalin era.